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The Xi’an Incident presented by the China National Peking Opera Company is a named as a contemporary Peking Opera, for the commemoration of the 70th Anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People’s War of the Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-fascist War, and it is the first production of the captioned major historical event performed in the form of Peking opera.
The play is divided into seven scenes in addition with a Prologue and an Epilogue. As this production is a contemporary work, I would like to review the play with the seven fundamental theatre art categories: set design; costume; props; sound; lighting; stage management; and technical direction, with aims to reflect how “contemporary” contributes to the moving forward of Peking Opera.
Firstly, I would like to divide the set design in two groups: outdoor and indoor. The Prologue, Epilogue and Scene One and Seven are set in the outdoor group. I think traditional Peking Opera foundation techniques Floor Exercise demonstration especially fit the outdoor setting. Floor Exercise(毯子功)includes jump; flip; flop and fall, these techniques required maximum stage space to perform, and traditional Peking opera loves to imply a large group of performers in war scenes to perform the techniques. This implication arose audience excitement and create tensed atmosphere. To present the floor exercise group play at the beginning and end of the play is an intelligent choice, and truly reflects the actual situation of the event.
In addition, the music and orchestral composition also work closely with the traditional stage technique of Peking opera. Because of the large composition of performer representing the Red Army and Chiang Kai-shek dispatched Division 109, the music arrangement chose to use the whole ensemble, featuring not only the traditional Peking opera music chamber: Chinese percussion; Jing-hu, Sanxian; Yue-qin and Dizi, but also the symphony orchestra composed by forty-five string; wind; brass and drum musicians to accompanied throughout these martial art scenes, whereas later in the indoor scenes, the symphony orchestra usually comes in during highlights, effects, pushing and emotional expressions.
The correlation among set design, performing technique, music and orchestra composition is very unique in Peking opera; in fact, it does the same in all traditional Xiqu practices. The set design must understand the tradition modalities in body contouring and floor exercise in order not to interrupt the essence of the art; at the same time, music and orchestra composition is to evaluate the performance strain, not to change the form of traditional music elements and forms.
On top of the indoor and outdoor groups, I’ve found sub-scene of the forth scene is quite interesting, it took place at the backyard of the residence of the Communist Party of China. It starts with Mr. Zhou Enlai singing on the upper flat of the balcony, in traditional Peking opera, the stairs to the ground would be suppositional, the performer usually perform traditional modal stage movement to imitate the action. In this play, the set designer chose to use real stairs that consist of nine steps, there are always pros and cons in modernize the set design. The real steps made the scene three-dimensional, but it also caused difficulties for the actor to walk down the stairs while singing. I think the number of steps can be minimize in the future, to benefit both sides.
The four other scenes are majorly set at indoor, which included: Yang Hucheng’s Mansion; Chiang Kai-shek’s sequestered place; the Communist Party of China’s and Chiang Kai-shek’s residence. The set designs that caught my eyes are the real doors, windows, tables and chairs. These sets and props are widely used in contemporary Xiqu performances, although traditionally, doors and windows would not appear as real sets, while tables and chairs are necessary props even in traditional practice. However, the design of the tables and chairs of the play is very different from the traditional.
Real windows and doors made performers changed their traditional modal stage movement to actual daily life action, which made the process easier to understand by lament audience. However, the traditional beauty of Xiqu stage movement may be disappeared as this is more close to daily life action liked drama. I think as this play is taking place in a relatively modern era, and it is a contemporary work, the real windows and doors justified its existence. But, jumping from traditional Xiqu modal acting to daily life practice is somehow challenging for performers. I can feel their awkwardness and uncomfortableness as sitting in the audience.
The uneasy feelings further developed with the modern tables and chairs. The traditional Xiqu tables and chairs are usually larger and higher than our daily used ones, thus the sitting posture and position of performers has to modify their traditional movements to accommodate the modern furniture. I noticed this modification is relative seamless to actors, but quite embarrassed to actresses that were wearing cheongsam. For the traditional Xiqu costume is with long skirts for actress without showing their legs and calf, even the feet are barely seen. Therefore, sitting on a modern chair wearing cheongsam showing the actress’ legs, calf and feet required a lot of experiment and practice to make it looked elegant and casual. I think as the play performs more the performers will get used to it more and improves the hard feelings fortunately.
In summary, set designers working closely with knowing the feeling of performer is very important, as well as understand the traditional modal stage movement is crucial for a successful blend creation. In my opinion, set design is one of the most important parts to a contemporary work of Peking opera performance, and this play is with good start and a lot more can be improve in the near future.
The second issue I would like to include here is the prop design, mainly on the weapon design, and traditionally all techniques that deals with stage weapon in Xiqu performance is called Fencing(靶子功). Like body contouring and floor exercise, fencing technique is also part of the fundamental technique of Peking opera, and common tradition weapons combined with fencing are knife, spear, sword and hit. In the play’s time, the weapons have modernize to gun and short stick, and knife was kept for the red army, this usage also helps the audience to differentiate the two troupes.
Likewise for the set design, I can see the hardness of controlling the weapon when the young group of performers performing floor exercise with the guns and short sticks. In the past, all fencing techniques were composed and created by performers, and through a long period of practice, the modal slowly developed later sustained to feed all similar usage on stage, which becomes a traditional modal stage fencing technique. The traditional modal for fencing technique usually comes in a set of multiple actions. Therefore, to compose a new fencing technique with modern weapon is not an easy process.
As time flies and human daily life experience expand, there is no question that we need to compose and create new fencing techniques and invent new props. But how we work together the creation process is something we need to consistently review and trial. We cannot simply combine the traditional techniques with the new props, or replace the traditional props with new ones without compose a new technique at the same time.
Lighting and sound of the play are built in careful layers, and both won the audience’s appreciation and applause. The lighting won positive comments with three points: performers’ expressions are clearly seen; coloring of different angles are full and nicely layered; atmosphere of each scene is presented and help the audience’s understanding of the mood.
The task for the sound engineer is heavy for this play, firstly on stage and secondly the orchestra pit. As a member of Xiqu musician, I understand the challenge of the orchestra balancing for Xiqu performance. Not saying this play id featuring the traditional Peking opera ensemble with a forty-five people symphony orchestra. The different sections of the orchestra were well identified, with harmonious frequencies. The only problem that I identify is the harp solo, the sound is tight and hard, volume is not matching the orchestra. I think if to replace the harp solo with Guzheng, the sound effect maybe more resonance and round.
Last but not the least, technical direction and stage management. There are two parts of the play featuring rare technical designs. The first one is the tail of the airplane, which gradually moving into stage right on a track, another on is the bars that locked up Zhang Xueliang in the middle, which quickly moves to both sides of the stage at the same time and free Zhang Xueliang. Both technical designs help moving forward of the story plot, while with no interruptions to the performers, quite intelligently created.
From the audience point of view, the stage management is successful, with seamless music transitions, light outs perfectly, and performers’ microphone works properly. The scenery changes are frequent, and the magic tapes on the matt are everywhere; thus there must be a lot of serious rehearsals for the smooth delivery of the play.
In conclusion, I enjoyed The Xi’an Incident performance very much, and wish the play can perform more on stage, hoping to see its evaluation after collecting feedbacks of the audience, performers, production team, and the rest of the whole team.
(作者:中国艺术研究院 戏剧戏曲专业 戏曲理论方向博士生导 张紫伶)